1. Dynamics of Ujungpangkah Mangrove Forest, Gresik, Indonesia: 10 Years of Evidence from Remote Sensing
关键词Tags: ocean colour ocean colour
摘要：红树林在沿海保护和支持当地生计方面发挥着关键作用，但它们仍然容易退化。使用时间序列卫星图像对红树林动态进行可靠监测对于作为其保护和管理的基线至关重要。 Gresik 的 Ujungpangkah 红树林 (MUP)，占地约 ±1,554。 27 公顷，于 2020 年被指定为基本生态系统区域 (EEA)。这项研究量化了 EEA MUP 内红树林的变化。 2015年至2024年的模块化红树林识别指数用于识别红树林覆盖和密度的变化。 LandTrendr 输出和轨迹分析用于评估干扰和恢复、变化的幅度和持续时间，并对红树林动态进行建模。结果表明，植被恢复是变化最大的类。 EEA MUP 中的红树林覆盖和密度显示显着恢复，特别是从 2020 年到 2022 年，尽管在 2023 年之前仍检测到干扰。轨迹模式反映了自然植被动态，不一定表明退化。自 2015 年以来稳定红树林类的主导地位表明红树林密度得以维持。然而，由于沿海磨损和土地转变，持续的局部森林砍伐凸显了持续的管理挑战。
Abstract: Mangroves play a critical role in coastal protection and support local livelihoods, yet they remain vulnerable to degradation. Reliable monitoring of mangrove dynamics using time-series satellite images is essential as a baseline for its conservation and management. The Ujungpangkah Mangrove (MUP) in Gresik, covering approximately ±1,554.27 hectares, was designated as Essential Ecosystem Areas (EEA) in 2020. This study quantifies changes in mangroves within the EEA MUP. The Modular Mangrove Recognition Index from 2015 to 2024 was used to identify changes in mangrove cover and density. LandTrendr outputs and trajectory analyses were used to assess disturbance and recovery, the magnitude and duration of changes, and to model mangrove dynamics. The results show that the revegetation is the largest change class. Mangrove cover and density in the EEA MUP indicates significant recovery, particularly from 2020 to 2022, although disturbances were still detected until 2023. The trajectory patterns reflect natural vegetation dynamics that do not necessarily indicate degradation. The dominance of the stable mangrove class since 2015 indicates that mangrove density is maintained. However, persistent localized deforestation, due to coastal abrasion and land conversion, highlights ongoing management challenges.