Paper Push: 2026-08-04
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每日论文推送：BGC-Argo、海色/海洋光学、海洋热浪与碳泵Daily Paper Push: BGC-Argo, ocean colour/ocean optics, marine heatwaves and carbon pump
本期由 GitHub Actions 自动检索生成：Nature/Science 系列优先，其次是用户指定重点期刊，再补充重点关注团队的新论文，最后纳入其他相关期刊；历史去重后保留 7 篇，不超过每日 50 篇上限。 This issue was generated automatically by GitHub Actions: Nature and Science series first, then the user-defined priority journals, then new papers from the focused team, followed by other relevant journals as topical supplements. After deduplication, 7 papers remain, below the daily limit of 50.
Download Word summary
无 mechanism sketch 图。今天的意大利语卡片： No mechanism sketch figure today. Daily Italian card:
每日一句意大利语Daily Italian
Ahi serva Italia, di dolore ostello.
Dante, Commedia, Purgatorio VI, 76; Italian original from Kalliope
这是但丁对意大利政治分裂的痛切感叹，意思近于“唉，受奴役的意大利，痛苦的居所”。
This is Dante's bitter lament over political division in Italy, calling the country a dwelling place of sorrow.
趋势总结Trend Summary
本期重点关注 BGC-Argo、海色遥感/海洋光学、海洋热浪、浮游植物垂向结构和碳泵过程。筛选逻辑不再只限于重点期刊；当高影响力期刊当天新增较少时，会额外检索重点关注团队作者的新论文，并用海洋、海色/光学和碳循环关键词过滤，再从其他相关期刊补充候选论文。
This issue focuses on BGC-Argo, ocean-colour remote sensing, ocean optics, marine heatwaves, vertical phytoplankton structure and carbon-pump processes. The selection is no longer limited to priority journals; when few high-impact papers are newly available, the workflow also checks focused-team authors and filters those papers with ocean, ocean-colour/optics, and carbon-cycle keywords before adding other relevant journals as supplements.
重点期刊：按影响力和相关性排序Key journals: ordered by impact and relevance
1. Greenland surface air temperature changes since 1950, influenced by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and pacific decadal oscillation
作者Authors: Shujing Wang; Yetang Wang; Yulun Zhang; Zhaosheng Zhai; Shugui Hou
发表月份Publication month: 2026-08 2026-08
Environmental Research Letters · DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ae93df
关键词Tags: ocean biogeochemistry ocean biogeochemistry
摘要：地表气温（SAT）是格陵兰冰盖表面质量平衡的关键决定因素，但其区域差异、年代际驱动因素和季节性调节响应仍然难以捉摸。本研究利用格陵兰岛上空新型高分辨率（0. 1°×0. 1°）基于站的 SAT 重建，研究了 1950 年至 2024 年 SAT 的变化及其与大西洋多边年代际涛动 (AMO) 和太平洋年代际涛动 (PDO) 的关系。我们发现，从 1950 年代到 90 年代中期，年平均地表温度显着下降，此后转向快速变暖，所有季节都有很强的年代际变化。从空间上看，格陵兰岛北部的变暖程度比格陵兰岛南部的变暖程度要强，并且消融区全年都表现出显着的变暖趋势。 AMO 是十年尺度温度变化的主要驱动因素，尤其是在夏季，而 PDO 在秋季最有效地调节这种影响。 20世纪90年代末以来，正AMO和负PDO同时出现，共同增强了格陵兰岛的反气旋条件，推动了格陵兰岛持续变暖。这些发现显着提高了格陵兰 SAT 的可预测性，从而支持对未来冰盖表面质量平衡的更准确预测。
Abstract: Surface air temperature (SAT) is a key determinant of the surface mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet, but its regional disparities, decadal drivers, and seasonally modulated responses remain elusive. Leveraging a novel high-resolution (0.1°×0.1°) station-based reconstruction of SAT over Greenland, this study investigates the SAT variability from 1950 to 2024 and its relationships with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). We find that annual mean surface temperature decreased significantly from 1950 to the mid-1990s, after which it shifted to a rapid warming, with strong interdecadal variability in all seasons. Spatially, warming has been stronger in northern Greenland than in southern Greenland, and the ablation zone exhibits significant year-round warming. The AMO is the primary driver of decadal‑scale temperature variability, especially in summer, while the PDO modulates this influence most effectively in autumn. Since the late 1990s, the concurrence of a positive AMO and a negative PDO has jointly enhanced anticyclonic conditions over Greenland, driving a sustained warming. These findings significantly improve the predictability of Greenland SAT, thereby supporting more accurate projections of future surface mass balance of the ice sheet.
2. Contrasting Structure and Transport Characteristics of Surface‐ and Subsurface‐Intensified Eddies in the Southeastern Indian Ocean
作者Authors: Wenshuo Ding; Yinghui He; Zhiwu Chen; Jieshuo Xie; Jiexin Xu; Pengfei Lin; Shuqun Cai
发表月份Publication month: 2026-08 2026-08
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · DOI: 10.1029/2026jc024296
关键词Tags: vertical structure vertical structure
摘要：表面强化涡流和次表面强化涡流是两种具有不同垂直结构的中尺度涡流，表明它们在海洋输送中可能发挥不同的作用。然而，我们对东南印度洋（SEIO）的结构和输运特征的了解仍然不足。本研究利用 GLORYS12V1 再分析数据，研究了 SEIO 中涡流的三维结构。我们发现，地下强化涡流在高纬度地区发生得更频繁，并且具有更长的寿命和明显的经向位移。它们的表面温度和盐度异常通常呈现偶极结构，而表面强化涡的表面温度和盐度异常主要是单极结构。 对涡流引起的传输的估计表明，表面增强的反气旋涡流和地下增强的气旋涡流是 SEIO 中经向涡流引起的热传输的主要贡献者。 10年平均输送表明，地表强化的反气旋涡旋主导了低纬度地区向极地的热输送，在27°S附近达到~17 TW，而地下强化的气旋涡流主导了高纬度地区向赤道的输送，在42°S附近达到~16 TW。这种高纬度向赤道的输送偏离了梯度扩散理论的预期。 不对称分解进一步揭示了涡流速度、示踪剂和形状不对称性对净传输的方向和大小有很大影响，突出表明需要将涡流垂直结构和内部不对称性纳入涡流引起的传输的参数化中。
Abstract: Surface‐intensified and subsurface‐intensified eddies are two types of mesoscale eddies with distinct vertical structures, suggesting that they may play different roles in oceanic transport. However, our understanding of their structure and transport characteristics in the Southeastern Indian Ocean (SEIO) remains insufficient. Utilizing GLORYS12V1 reanalysis data, this study investigates the three‐dimensional structure of eddies in the SEIO. We find that subsurface‐intensified eddies occur more frequently at higher latitudes and exhibit longer lifespans with pronounced meridional displacements. Their surface temperature and salinity anomalies commonly display a dipole structure, whereas those of surface‐intensified eddies are mainly monopolar. Estimates of eddy‐induced transport indicate that surface‐intensified anticyclonic eddies and subsurface‐intensified cyclonic eddies are the major contributors to the meridional eddy‐induced heat transport in the SEIO. The 10‐year mean transports show that surface‐intensified anticyclonic eddies dominate the poleward heat transport at lower latitudes, reaching ∼17 TW near 27°S, whereas subsurface‐intensified cyclonic eddies dominate the equatorward transport at higher latitudes, reaching ∼16 TW near 42°S. This high‐latitude equatorward transport deviates from the expectation of gradient diffusion theory. An asymmetry decomposition further reveals that eddy velocity, tracer, and shape asymmetries substantially contribute to the direction and magnitude of net transport, highlighting the need to incorporate eddy vertical structure and internal asymmetry into parameterizations of eddy‐induced transport.
3. Biogeochemical responses to a tropical storm in an eroding estuary of the Mississippi river delta plain
作者Authors: Mukseet Mahmood; Kanchan Maiti; Yixuan Wang; George Xue
发表月份Publication month: 2026-08 2026-08
Limnology and Oceanography · DOI: 10.1002/lno.70473
关键词Tags: carbon pump; absorption; microbial carbon carbon pump; absorption; microbial carbon
摘要：极端天气事件导致的水文突变对河口碳循环和运输的影响仍然知之甚少。本研究调查了飓风弗朗辛之后位于路易斯安那州南部的巴拉塔里亚盆地河口系统的陆地-河口-海洋连续体中溶解的 (DOC) 和颗粒有机碳 (POC) 的来源和传输的变化。对 POC、DOC、溶解无机碳 (DIC) 和有色溶解有机物 (CDOM) 进行风暴前和风暴后采样，以评估风暴对河口碳动态的影响。风暴前和风暴后期间，DOC 范围为 2. 2 至 13. 3 和 4. 6 至 12. 0 mg/L，POC 范围分别为 1. 5 至 4. 6 和 3. 4 至 7. 1 mg/L。较低的腐殖化指数 (HIX) 和 aCDOM 350 表明暴风雨后从较旧、更退化的 DOM 过渡到更新鲜、更新、更不稳定的 DOM。 风暴过后，海湾的初级生产力和呼吸率均有所增加。沉积物有机碳δ 13 C 的变化表明陆地有机质输入增加，7 Be 方法表明盆地中最近的沉积物沉积。 COAWST 是一个计算机模拟模型，用于计算风暴引起的排放量变化，结合 DOC 和 POC 分析表明，在弗朗辛飓风登陆后 5 天内，从这个相对较小的河口额外出口了 60. 7 和 76. 4 吨 POC 和 DOC。这项研究强调了风暴对侵蚀的三角洲河口碳传输的影响，强调需要将风暴驱动的碳通量纳入区域和全球碳预算。
Abstract: The impact of abrupt hydrological changes due to extreme weather events on estuarine carbon cycling and transport remains poorly understood. This study investigates the changes in sources and transport of dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) along the land‐estuary‐ocean continuum of the Barataria Basin estuary system, located south of Louisiana after hurricane Francine. Pre‐ and post‐storm samplings were carried out for POC, DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to assess the impact of storm on estuarine carbon dynamics. DOC ranged from 2.2 to 13.3 and 4.6 to 12.0 mg/L while POC ranged from 1.5 to 4.6 and 3.4 to 7.1 mg/L during pre‐ and post‐storm periods, respectively. Lower humification index (HIX) and aCDOM 350 suggest a transition from older, more degraded DOM to fresher, newer, more labile DOM after storm. Primary production and respiration rates both increased in the bay after the storm. The change in δ 13 C of sediment organic carbon showed increased terrestrial organic matter input and 7 Be approach indicated recent sediment deposition in the basin. COAWST, a computer simulation model was implemented to compute the change in discharge rates due to storm which coupled with DOC and POC analysis indicate that 60.7 and 76.4 tons of additional POC and DOC were exported from this relatively small estuary within 5 d after landfall of hurricane Francine. This study highlights the impact of storms on carbon transport in eroding deltaic estuaries, emphasizing the need to incorporate storm‐driven carbon fluxes into regional and global carbon budgets.
4. Selective accumulation of dissolved organic matter in the sea surface microlayer: integrated multi-spectral CDOM and FDOM characterization and a novel FDOM/CDOM index at a Mediterranean coastal site
作者Authors: Elli Pitta; Eleni Tzempelikou; Christina Zeri
发表月份Publication month: 2026-08 2026-08
Biogeosciences · DOI: 10.5194/bg-23-5377-2026
关键词Tags: absorption; bio-optics; microbial carbon absorption; bio-optics; microbial carbon
摘要：这项工作的目的是：（i）使用高分辨率（每两周一次、一年一次）时间数据，并通过将已建立的跨多个光谱区域的吸光度指数以及新型荧光溶解有机物（FDOM）应用于CDOM、FDOM/CDOM指数，了解地中海沿海地区海面微层（SML）和底层水（ULW）中广泛发色溶解有机物（CDOM）池内的潜在转变和动态。 (ii) 评估原位过程、ULW 的向上通量以及大气（雨水）输入对 SML 中溶解有机物 (DOM) 和 CDOM 池形成的相对贡献。对 22 对 SML-ULW 样品和 14 个雨水样品进行了溶解有机碳 (DOC)、紫外-可见光 (250-700 nm) 吸收光谱和 3D 荧光激发发射矩阵 (EEM) 分析。 在整个研究过程中，相对于 ULW，SML 始终富含 DOC、CDOM 和 FDOM。长波长吸收系数（a300、a370）的富集因子（EF）超过 5，表明高分子芳香族吸收 DOM 优先积累。 DOC、a300 和光谱斜率 (S275−295) 之间的关系表明，SML 中的特定过程调节 DOM 的丰度和光学质量，使其超出大量 DOC 数量。光降解在两层中都很明显，但在 ULW 中更明显。在SML中，光降解效应似乎被疏水性、光学活性、高分子量材料的原位产生或聚集部分抵消。平行因子分析 (PARAFAC) 确定了四种 FDOM 成分：两种腐殖质类（A–C、A–M）和两种蛋白质类（T、B）。 陆地腐殖酸样 (A–C) 和色氨酸样 (T) 荧光团在 SML 中占主导地位并高度富集（EF > 4）。然而，类腐殖质和类色氨酸成分表现出与a300吸收和层相关的SML富集，而类酪氨酸成分的富集与层效应无关，主要反映a300波动。通过引入新的 FDOM/CDOM 指数，揭示了荧光和非荧光发色有机组分之间的解耦：SML 在 UV-C/UV-B 激发区域（A、B、T 峰）中表现出较高的荧光，但在 UV-A/近可见光激发区域（C 峰）中表现出较低的荧光，表明吸收但非荧光 CDOM 在较长波长下的选择性积累。这种脱钩的潜在驱动因素包括生物转化、快速微层重组和大气输入。 雨水显示出与 SML 相当的 DOC 浓度和吸收特征，但具有不同的荧光特征。雨水的 PARAFAC 模型没有解析色氨酸样荧光团，并揭示了蓝移的腐殖质样成分，这与海洋-陆地混合来源的光化学老化、低分子量 DOM 一致。总体而言，结果表明，SML 中 CDOM 和 FDOM 的波长依赖性富集主要是由光降解、生物活性、快速分子重组和大气沉积驱动的，而不是来自 ULW 的向上 DOM 通量。
Abstract: The aims of this work are: (i) To understand potential transformations and dynamics within the broad chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) pool in the sea surface microlayer (SML) and the underlying water (ULW) at a Mediterranean coastal site using high-resolution (biweekly, one-year) temporal data and by applying established absorbance indices across multiple spectral regions along with the novel fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) to CDOM, FDOM/CDOM index. (ii) To evaluate the relative contributions of in situ processes, upward flux from the ULW, and atmospheric (rainwater) inputs in the shaping of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) and CDOM pools in the SML. Twenty-two paired SML–ULW samples and fourteen rainwater samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV–visible (250–700 nm) absorption spectra, and 3D fluorescence excitation emission matrices (EEMs). The SML was consistently enriched in DOC, CDOM, and FDOM relative to the ULW throughout the study. Enrichment factors (EFs) for long-wavelength absorption coefficients (a300, a370) exceeded 5 indicating a preferential accumulation of high molecular, aromatic absorbing DOM. Relationships between DOC, a300 and the spectral slope (S275−295) indicated that specific processes in the SML modulate the abundance and optical quality of DOM beyond bulk DOC quantity. Photodegradation was apparent in both layers, though more pronounced in the ULW. In the SML, photodegradation effects appeared to be partially counterbalanced by in situ production or aggregation of hydrophobic, optically active, higher-molecular-weight material. Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) identified four FDOM components: two humic-like (A–C, A–M) and two protein-like (T, B). Terrestrial humic-like (A–C) and tryptophan-like (T) fluorophores were dominant and strongly enriched in the SML (EF >4). However, humic-like and tryptophan-like components exhibited SML enrichment linked to both a300 absorption and layer, while tyrosine – like component was enriched independently of layer effects and mainly reflected a300 fluctuations. By introducing a new FDOM/CDOM index, a decoupling between fluorescent and non-fluorescent chromophoric organic fractions was revealed: the SML exhibited higher fluorescence in the UV-C/UV-B excitation regions (A, B, T peaks) but lower fluorescence in the UV-A/near-visible excitation region (C peak), suggesting selective accumulation of absorbing but non-fluorescent CDOM in longer wavelengths. Potential drivers of this decoupling include biological transformations, rapid microlayer reorganization, and atmospheric inputs. Rainwater showed DOC concentrations and absorption features comparable to the SML but distinct fluorescence characteristics. PARAFAC modeling of rainwater did not resolve the tryptophan-like fluorophore and revealed blue-shifted humic-like components, consistent with photochemically aged, low molecular weight DOM of mixed marine–terrestrial origin. Overall, the results indicate that wavelength-dependent enrichment of CDOM and FDOM in the SML is primarily driven by photodegradation, biological activity, rapid molecular reorganization, and atmospheric deposition, rather than upward DOM flux from the ULW.
5. Retrieval of Vertical Cloud Droplet Profiles and Above-Cloud Integrated Water Vapor from Hyperspectral Measurements: Reducing Liquid Water Path Retrieval Bias with Application to EMIT
作者Authors: Andrew John Buggee; Peter Pilewskie
发表月份Publication month: 2026-08 2026-08
Remote Sensing · DOI: 10.3390/rs18152556
关键词Tags: backscattering; bio-optics; vertical structure backscattering; bio-optics; vertical structure
摘要：从后向散射太阳辐射得出的准确液态水路径估计需要了解云滴有效半径的垂直结构，但标准双谱反演假设云垂直均匀，与现场测量相比，高估液态水路径高达 45%。我们开发了高斯-牛顿最优估计检索，可根据可见光和短波红外的高光谱太阳反向散射测量，同时估计云滴有效半径、云光学厚度和云上综合水蒸气的垂直剖面。 该反演使用具有源自 VOCALS-REx 现场测量的非对角元素的先验协方差矩阵，并将正演模型不确定性与正演模型雅可比行列式相结合，求解了对数空间中云顶和云底的有效半径、云光学厚度和云上综合水汽。通过对由原位云微物理构建的 69 个模拟 HySICS 反射光谱进行测试，高光谱检索将平均液态水路径误差降低至 26. 9%，而标准双谱方法为 45. 2%。应用到东南太平洋上空的 3695 个 EMIT 高光谱测量结果，MODIS 检索到的液态水路径平均超出高光谱估计值 19%。 这些结果表明，同步检索云上方的综合水蒸气对于精确的液滴剖面检索是必要的，并且即将推出的 CLARREO Pathfinder 仪器具有 0. 3% 的辐射不确定性，应该能够对云液滴尺寸进行常规垂直剖面分析。
Abstract: Accurate liquid water path estimates derived from backscattered solar radiation require knowledge of the vertical structure of cloud droplet effective radius, yet standard bispectral retrievals assume a vertically homogeneous cloud and overestimate liquid water path by up to 45% compared to in situ measurements. We developed a Gauss–Newton optimal estimation retrieval that simultaneously estimates vertical profiles of cloud droplet effective radius, cloud optical thickness, and above-cloud integrated water vapor from hyperspectral solar backscatter measurements in the visible and shortwave infrared. The retrieval solves for effective radius at cloud top and base, cloud optical thickness, and above-cloud integrated water vapor in logarithmic space, using an a priori covariance matrix with off-diagonal elements derived from VOCALS-REx in situ measurements, and incorporating forward model uncertainty with a forward model Jacobian. Tested on 69 simulated HySICS reflectance spectra constructed from in situ cloud microphysics, the hyperspectral retrieval reduces the average liquid water path error to 26.9%, compared to 45.2% for the standard bispectral method. Applied to 3695 EMIT hyperspectral measurements over the southeast Pacific, MODIS-retrieved liquid water path exceeds the hyperspectral estimate by 19% on average. These results demonstrate that simultaneous retrieval of the integrated water vapor above-cloud is necessary for accurate droplet profile retrievals, and that the upcoming CLARREO Pathfinder instrument, with its 0.3% radiometric uncertainty, should enable routine vertical profiling of cloud droplet size.
其他相关期刊：按主题相关性补充Other relevant journals: topical supplements
6. Structuring of copepod communities across sub-Antarctic coastal and oceanic environments during spring
作者Authors: Ludmila Vega; Fabiana Capitanio; Mariela Spinelli
发表月份Publication month: 2026（月份未核准） 2026 (month not verified)
Ocean and Coastal Research · DOI: 10.1590/2675-2824074.25255
关键词Tags: phytoplankton phytoplankton
摘要：本研究考察了春季亚南极沿海（比格尔海峡）、过渡带（斯塔顿岛）和海洋（伯德伍德浅滩）环境中中型浮游动物群落的空间结构。综合了水文学（温度和盐度）、卫星衍生的叶绿素-a 和生物变量（密度、生物量、大小和成分），重点关注桡足类作为主要的中型浮游动物群。盐度是与桡足类分布最密切相关的环境变量，与密度呈显着正相关，而与生物量、温度和叶绿素-a 的相关性并不显着。确定了四种不同的桡足类组合，对应于区域水文状况：内比格尔海峡、外海峡、史泰登岛地区和伯德伍德浅滩。 桡足类的丰度和体型向海洋方向增加，表明二次生产的增强与物理滞留和上升流过程有关。相比之下，沿海地区的密度和生物量较低，但丰富度和均匀度较高，这可能受到淡水输入的影响。总共记录了 16 种桡足类动物，其中 Drepanopus forcipatus 和 Calanus australis 广泛分布在所有次区域。这些物种可以作为生态指标，反映环境条件和生态系统的连通性。总体而言，研究结果强调了该地区作为连接沿海和海洋系统的生物走廊的作用。
Abstract: This study examines the spatial structuring of mesozooplankton communities across sub-Antarctic coastal (Beagle Channel), transitional (Staten Island), and oceanic (Burdwood Bank) environments during spring. Hydrographic (temperature and salinity), satellite-derived chlorophyll-a, and biological variables (density, biomass, size, and composition) were integrated, with emphasis on copepods as the dominant mesozooplankton group. Salinity was the environmental variable most strongly associated with copepod distribution, exhibiting a significant positive correlation with density, whereas associations with biomass, temperature, and chlorophyll-a were not significant. Four distinct copepod assemblages were identified, corresponding to regional hydrographic regimes: The inner Beagle Channel, the outer channel, the Staten Island area, and the Burdwood Bank. Copepod abundance and body size increased toward oceanic waters, suggesting enhanced secondary production linked to physical retention and upwelling processes. In contrast, coastal zones showed lower density and biomass but higher richness and evenness, likely influenced by freshwater inputs. A total of sixteen copepod species were documented, with Drepanopus forcipatus and Calanus australis widely distributed across all subregions. These species may function as ecological indicators, reflecting environmental conditions and ecosystem connectivity. Overall, the findings underscore the role of this region as a biological corridor linking coastal and oceanic systems.
7. A Community Service Program: Online Basic Training on Remote Sensing Image Interpretation for Public Participation in Monitoring Marine Environmental Damage
作者Authors: Luhur Moekti Prayogo; Intan Septarina
发表月份Publication month: 2025-12 2025-12
Community Service: Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat · DOI: 10.67710/communityservice.v1i1.4
关键词Tags: ocean colour ocean colour
摘要：使用遥感作为沿海环境教育的手段是提高公众对易受破坏的海洋生态系统状况的认识的战略方法。本次社区服务活动旨在通过在线培训的方式，向来自印度尼西亚沿海各地区的参与者介绍卫星图像解译的基础知识，培训将于2025年11月8日举行，共30-50人免费参加。该培训采用体验式学习方法设计，以便参与者可以直接通过在线平台学习概念并进行实践。该材料包括对遥感基本原理、目视解译技术、图像波段组合的使用以及卫星图像检测红树林覆盖变化的应用的介绍。 培训结果显示，培训后所有能力类别的分数均显着提高。训练前，分数在 25-40% 范围内，而训练后，分数增加到 70-80% 左右。这表明培训有效提高了学员各方面的理解和技能。此外，在线学习方法对于鼓励跨地区的协作互动也非常有效。该计划表明，遥感技术可以简化为公众易于理解的教育材料。
Abstract: The use of remote sensing as a means of coastal environmental education is a strategic approach to increase public literacy about the condition of marine ecosystems that are vulnerable to damage. This community service activity aims to introduce the basics of satellite image interpretation to participants from various coastal areas of Indonesia through online training which will be held on November 8, 2025 with a total of 30-50 participants for free. The training is designed using an experiential learning approach so that participants can learn concepts and practice them directly through online platforms. The material included an introduction to the basic principles of remote sensing, visual interpretation techniques, the use of a combination of image bands, and the application of satellite imagery to detect changes in mangrove cover. The results of the training showed a significant increase in scores in all competency categories after the training. Before training, the score is in the range of 25–40%, while after training it increases to around 70–80%. This indicates that the training is effective in improving the participants' understanding and skills in all aspects measured. In addition, online learning methods are quite effective in encouraging collaborative interaction across regions. This program shows that remote sensing technology can be simplified into educational materials that are easy for the public to understand.
